Leo Barnes

Brazil’s Vaccinated Democracy
In March 2021, former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a current presidential candidate, posed a pointed question in a speech lambasting President Jair Bolsonaro’s Covid-19 response. “Where is our beloved Zé Gotinha?” Zé Gotinha is not…

"Good for you following such a directed language learning assignment. I wonder about what other things you've been up to with your language study this past month. How's it going? How do you feel about what you're learning and how you're learning? I…"

"Interesting article and I love exploring food as a way to better understand a culture. I looked at Brazilian churrasco for one of my blog posts last semester and have never looked at Brazilian food the same since! When you have a minute, I would…"

Bahasa Indonesia has a rich phonetic inventory that is very similar to that of English. Both Bahasa Indonesia and English have twenty-six letters, but most Indonesian letters have only one pronunciation. Most consonants (except most notably C and R) sound the same in Bahasa Indonesia and English. In Indonesian, the letter C sounds like a “ch” or [t͡ʃ] sound in English. For example, “cepat” (fast) is pronounced [t͡ʃ], [ɛ], [p], [a], [t]. The letter R in Bahasa Indonesia has no equivalent in English. The letter R in Indonesian is equivalent to the Spanish trill in rr (perro) [r]. For example, “orang” (person) is pronounced [o], [r], [a], [ŋ]. [ŋ] is pronounced like the “ni” in onion, which is pronounced [ʌ], [ŋ], [e], [n]. Many words have a voiceless glottal fricative at the end; for example, “sudah” (already) is pronounced [s], [ʊ], [d], [a], [h]. The letter K in Bahasa Indonesia has a full glottal stop, making the [?] sound like in “tidak” (no), which is pronounced [t], [i], [a],…

There are both sounds in Spanish that don’t exist in American English and letters that sound differently in Spanish than they do in English. An example of a word that uses a sound that exists in English, however, uses a letter formation we do not have, is the word “lleno” (full). In the word “lleno” the double ll is pronounced the same way the y is in English (in words like “yes”), and the double ll does not exist at the beginning of words in this way in English. Examples of sounds that exist in Spanish that do not exist in American English are the Spanish tap /ɾ/ (as in pero) and the alveolar trill /r/ (as in perro). To my understanding, there are 5 Spanish vowel phonemes, and they are as follows: / i / = i iguana, / e / = e elefante, / a / = a arte, / o / = o oso, / u / = uva. There are three open vowels: / a /, / e /, and / o /, and two closed vowels: / i / and / u /. Open vowels are pronounced with the mouth open, and the tongue stays in the lower part of the mouth. Closed vowels…

Leo Barnes

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