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Turkey has numerous beautiful historical landmarks, remnants of the Ottoman Empire's lavish days. The Blue Mosque, or as it is called in Turkish, Sultan Ahmet Camii was my favorite landmark in Istanbul for its architectural style and design. It was planned by the architext Sedefhar Mehmet Aga and included new elements and styles for its era and built between the years 1609-1616 (commissioned by the Sultan Ahmet I). The sultan had commissioned the mosque to assert Ottoman splendor and power after the Peace of Zsitvatorok (which had weakened the empire), however due to lack of funds, it was a move that showed his weakness. Normally spoils from war victories funded grandiose mosques, but Ahmet was not known for his political prowess. In a scandalous move, he paid for the mosque through the royal treasury. Sultan Ahmet wanted this mosque to be at the forefront of all the mosques in terms of imperial beauty and location- which is why he built it across from the Hagia Sofia at the central point of the city. In its time, the juxtaposition of the location was rife with political and religious symbolism. Even today the location is heavy with meaning- it's a beautiful depiction of religious harmony for Islam and Christianity. It is for this reason that I love the Sultan Ahmet mosque as much as I do, it serves a beautiful image of peace and tolerance. 

Hagia Sophia (left) and the Blue Mosque (right), photo: Black.Dots., CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

800px-Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque_Istanbul_Turkey_retouched.jpg

Stained glass windows, Blue Mosque, photo: Radha Dalal

View of Iznik tiles

http://www.bluemosque.co/history.html

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-islam/islamic-art-late-period/a/the-blue-mosque-sultan-ahmet-camii

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SDLC 110: Learning Activity I Created

The learning activity I created for Korean was the Korean numeric systems.  I just counted with my fingers both numeric systems and had everyone in class repeat after me.  I also explained the differences in use of each numeric system.  There are two systems, I guess you could refer to one as formal and the other informal.  Mainly, understanding which number system to use is just something one picks up on so it is complicated for novice learners since there's no rule.  

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SDLC 110: A Series of Summary Posts

(1) which resources you used

The resources I used for this semester was mainly the textbooks and workbooks found in the Global Studio.  In the beginning of the semester, I spent a whole night in the Global Studio going through the textbooks and scanning things pertinent to my novice learning skills.  There were a lot of great workbook activities I took (such as letters, vocabulary with pictures, and simple grammar introductions).  For me, I really enjoy something tangible when learning a language, so the printed pages were of greater help than online resources.  I did use a Korean learning app on my phone that was really useful.  I would listen to vocabulary and phrases and speak them when I had time to kill in between my schedule. Also, Suyeon Unnie found a YouTuber who did mini-lessons in Korean which were really authentic Korean and not so much textbook ancient Korean.  So I used this YouTuber's videos to help guide me with learning Korean as well, so it was really fun and useful.   

(2) how you worked with your language partner

To start off, I had the greatest language partner ever!!! I love Suyeon Unnie so much!!! She's the best!!! Unnie and I spent two days a week together, ranging from one hour to two and a half hours.  Sometimes, we'd be so deep into learning that two and a half hours went by.  She was so patient with me, I appreciated that a lot.  I'm a very auditory learner, so I would repeat after her a lot.  As well, Unnie would record the week's worth of learning and I would listen to it and follow it by ear when I studied Korean.  She also printed out vocabulary and phrases for me (that followed that week's learning goal) so her resources for the weekly meetings were also great resources for me.  Suyeon Unnie and I did more speaking than reading and writing.  We got the alphabet down but didn't explore more because my main goal was to be able to have survival language for my time abroad in Korea.  I would say that it was a great semester of Korean!!!

Suyeon Unnie, gomawo!!! Saranghae!!! <3 

(3) activities you found most/least effective

The activities I found the most effective were the audio activities I did with Korean.  I also appreciated the visual aspects of learning Korean too.  There's learning blocks in the Global Studio I found really effective to play with when I was in the INTC trying to kill time before class or just in that part of campus.  It was especially fun to try and figure out the map.  The least effective were the written Korean activities.  This makes sense since I stressed speaking more than writing in most of my learning tasks for this semester.  

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SDLC 112 Cultural Post 5

As I looked at the different national holidays the following things stood out:

1. The celebration of Chuseok and Seollal start off with ancestral rites. This shows how much Koreans respect their ancestors. Moreover, they also look up to them for blessings and for the well-being of the family. They also clean the graves regularly and also go through elaborate preparation for the rituals.

2. Food is a big part of such holidays where a wide range of traditional dishes, using natural and fresh ingredients. 

3. The preparation for these holidays usually start the day before which shows its significance in Korean culture. 

4. The importance of family in Korean culture is also very noticeable as they always tend to get together to celebrate holidays. 

5. The Koreans also value their traditions and roots a lot as they tend to play folk games and wear traditional clothes during the holidays. 

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SDLC 112 Cultural Post 4

Korean Independence 

This holiday is celebrated on August 15th and it commemorates the liberation of Korea from 35 years of Japanese colonization in 1945. In Korean, this day is called Gwangbokjeol. "Gwangbok" means "restoration of light" and "jeol" means "a period of time". This day was officially declared as a public holiday in 1949 and it is one of the few public holidays that is celebrated by both South and North Korea. However, in North Korea it is called "Jogook haebang-ui nal" which means "the liberation day of the motherland". 

In South Korea, an official ceremony takes place at the Independence Hall of Korea in Cheonan or at the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts. The South Korean national flag, Taegukki, is displayed in all buildings and homes. Most public museums and places are open free of charge to the descendants of independence activists on this day. They can also travel on public transport and trains for free. 

The Korean national anthem is sung at official ceremonies. The government also issues special pardons on the Independence Day.

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SDLC 110 Turkish #8-12

In prior weeks, I learned the Turkish numbers and how to talk about jobs (mainly questions and job vocabulary), but I did not write about it. But in weeks 8-12 I learned about the weather, seasons, and days of the week, how to talk about age, and the grammar construction for "there is/are" (ex: Is this a pen? What is this?), and a set of adjectives. 

The second to last week of our meetings, Arzu showed me a Turkish song, "Anlıyorsun Değil Mi?" and printed out lyrics to it for me to fill in certain words while we listened to it. We listened to two versions of the song which I will include below. But I absolutely loved this exercise because it incorporated grammar, listening, and writing skills! Grammar because one of the concepts we learned early "değil mi" was in it. Değil mi- mi is used to phrase questions and değil means "isn't" a negation word. I learned how to use "değil" to say if there isn't something and "mi" to phrase questions about whether or not there is class. 

We did a lot of role playing to practice the concepts, as we always do. Arzu gave me printouts to fill out and match as well. I actually had a hard time applying concepts I learned for "there is/isn't" and "this is/isn't" because the concept is different in Turkish than it is in English, especially in negating them. There are different words to use for nouns and adjectives In Turkish, unlike in English where we use "not" for everything.

English/For example: Q: Is there class class tomorrow? A: No, there isn't class tomorrow. 

                                    Q: Is this a pen?                            A: No, this isn't a pen. 

Turkish/Example: (There isn't) Q: Yarın sınıf var mı? A: Hayır, yok.

                              (This isn't)     Q: Bu kalem mi?          A: Hayır, bu kalem değil.

As you can see from the examples, there are two different negations used to answer the questions. The reason why there are two is because there isn't 'is' in Turkish. That always throws me off because I'm thinking in 'is' structure because of English. Again, like most things, exposure and practice will help me overcome making mistakes over this. 

The days of the week were easy to memorize. Arzu gave me a chart to fill out in which I would have to ask questions such as "Is there math on Wednesday?" and she would answer using the grammar construction I just talked about. We alternated roles and filled out the chart through prying for answers. It was a great exercise for me because it was repetitive and visual. We did the same thing for the weather- when we learned about temperature in our next class there was a chart where we asked each other questions to get to the information we needed. 

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SDLC 110 Turkish #7

Arzu and I decided we were not going to get into verbs until next semester because she said they were complicated and may be confusing. However, I found this resource and will bookmark it for future use because it has a handy looking chart for conjugating and I'm confident it will be helpful for visuals.

Despite not learning adjectives, she did teach me how make non verbial sentences.

 

EXAMPLE:

She is a beautiful girl = O güzel bir kız (third person does not take any suffixes)

I am a beautiful girl = Sen güzel bir kızsın

*The personal pronoun takes to the noun of the sentence in suffix form

 

We can also see the vowel harmony in the word "girl" where 'ı' takes 'ı' in the suffix. 

These are the suffixes:

I = im

You = sin

You (formal) = siniz

He/she/it = no suffix attached 

We = iz

They = no suffix attached 

Since most of the activities that we do is verbal and minimal writing, this is/was a hard to retain. I am able to memorize it and know it well for a period of time, but as I don't practice it enough on my own, I forget it. I'm a tactile learner as well as visual, so writing helps me retain a lot of what I learn. I rewrote new words at some points to practice, but I wasn't consistent about it. Ideally, I'd take new vocabulary and write it out with the pronoun suffixes and the concept would stick. This is something I need to be better about and can do to review my Turkish over winter break. 

Resources:

VERB CONJUGATION:

http://learnturkish.pgeorgalas.gr/ConjugationSetEn.asp

GRAMMAR INTRODUCTION:

General overview of Turkish grammar that I've learned (sentence order, suffixes) and haven't learned (verbs). 

http://www.turkishclass.com/turkish_lesson_1

BASIC TURKISH VOCABULARY AND PHRASES:

Great composition of the basic phrases in introductions, greetings, and vocabulary that I've learned. I love how it is charted (going with the visual half of my learning).

http://ielanguages.com/turkish.html

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SDLC 110 Turkish #6

Vowel harmony is a crucial part of Turkish grammar. When attaching personal pronoun suffixes to nouns or adjectives, the vowel of the suffix changes to agree with the preceding vowel. This is the vowel composition: 

e, i takes i

o, u takes u

a, ı takes ı

ö, ü takes ü

EXAMPLES:

I am a doctor = Ben doktoru

You are a doctor = Sen doktorsun

You (formal) are a doctor = Siz doktorsunuz

He/she is a doctor = O doktor

We are doctors = Biz doktoruz

They are doctors = Onlar doktor 

I struggle with vowel pronounciation, so in speaking I have a difficult time figuring out which vowel to use. The vowels 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u' are easy to remember since I don't struggle with them, but I do with the rest of the vowels. Despite that, I've definitely gotten better at vowel pronunciations! I got 'ı' down from listening to various videos until it finally clicked. Visualizing where the sound is supposed to come from helped and when I related it to some guttural Arabic sounds and cut short those sounds I already knew how to make, I got better with it. Doesn't mean I can necessarily pronounce it correct, but it's in my head and I know with practice it'll get there as my throat gets used to making those sounds. 

This is a resource that I use to see more examples of the vowel harmony. I'm going to keep it here for reference if I need to review vowel harmony again:

http://www.turkishlanguage.co.uk/vh1.htm

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Final Reflection Paper, 105 and 110

            This has been one of the most interesting language-learning experiences I have ever had. I learned Spanish, Portuguese, and a little bit of French entirely in a classroom, but learning ASL was so different, because most of my learning came from interacting with others who spoke the language. I learned a lot of things on my own, but the things that stuck the most were the words, phrases, and cultural ideas that I learned from my language partner and other people in the community who know ASL.

            The hardest part of ASL is the grammar. It is common to see people speaking English and signing at the same time, but that’s actually very difficult to do, because English grammar and ASL grammar are different. Most likely, those people are not speaking correct ASL and are instead signing English Sign Language, which is similar, but is not really a language.

            I have enjoyed every aspect of this experience. ASL is an amazing language and I am still fascinated by how there are so many people who can communicate effectively using only their hands and facial expressions. One thing I really enjoyed was watching the Culture Shock video. I didn’t relate to it as much, because I don’t actually need to leave the country in order to be surrounded by deaf culture, but it definitely made me think about the differences between hearing and deaf culture.

            I am taking SDLC 111 next semester, so I can continuing learning ASL. I have really enjoyed this past semester and I want to continue my learning while I am still in college. I really want to focus more on grammar and making complete sentences, which is something I still struggle with sometimes.  

            I would actually love to learn more about the sign languages in different countries, not because I think it would be particularly useful, but because I’m curious. A friend of mine who knows ASL was recently watching a video about Australian Sign Language and she was astounded because, unlike American Sign Language, they sign the alphabet using both hands. She said the letters often look more like the English letters, but she thought it would be harder to use both hands instead of just one. I would be interested in learning about more of the differences between the different sign languages that are spoken around the world.

            I think I achieved my goals fairly well. I wish I knew more religious vocabulary, but that is not something that is used in everyday conversations, so that will be harder to pick up. I think, however, that I have done well with being able to have simple conversations. I struggle a little with watching people fingerspell, especially if they move quickly, but I am progressively getting better. Learning to talk about music was easier than expected, because many of the signs are the same (ex: music, sing, and song are all the same sign), but I haven’t actually found anyone to talk to about music yet.

I really enjoyed attending church in ASL, but there were always many signs that I just had not learned yet. I was normally able to figure out the basic meaning of what was being talked about, but I had trouble with specifics. My language partner normally sat next to me and whispered to me what was being said.

Trying to guess the signs for things was interesting. A lot of things are easy to guess, like some foods, body parts, things like vacuuming or writing, but others I did not understand at all or I had to think really hard to come up with the sign. I like the way my language partner made me guess, instead of just telling me the sign. It was definitely harder, but because I worked so hard to come with it, it was also easier to remember. Overall, I greatly enjoyed my experience this semester learning American Sign Language and I cannot wait to continue learning next semester. 

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The Turkish bath extended from the Romans' public bath houses. Called "hamams", the purpose of these public bath houses are for socializing, emphasis on spiritual cleaning, and typical Ottoman splendor. Istanbul holds most of the remaining bath houses from the Ottoman Empire- bath houses that are still functioning. At first, hamams were strictly for womem, but that changed with modernity. All hamams are segregated, but they can be in the same building (in these modern times). 

Socializing is so integral to hamams that it was and, to an extent, still is a hub for things like searching for daughter-in-laws to holding business meetings. Although it is not as popular as it was in its earlier days, hamams are now marketed towards tourists and part of pre-wedding rituals (women goes to the hamam with her female friends and family as a ritual leading up to the wedding).

Turkish Bath

The structure of a hamam is as such: bathers first go into the warm room where they can relax and perspire in the hot dry air and prepare to go into the hot room. The hot room intensifies the sweating and then the bather goes into the steam and massage room. A masseuse scrubs the bather down (there's lots of dead skin and invasion of personal space involved) with a rough loofah-like sponge or pebble and soap. A massage follows the washing after which the bather goes to finish relaxing in the cold room or pool (if there is one). The last room is where the most socializing would occur with music and sweets.

An interesting discovery that I made about hamams was about men's bathing attendants, "tellaks". They were young boys who were non-Muslim subjects in the empire who "attended" to customers. The connotation of attending to them is thoroughly sexual; while sodomy was not acceptable, other sexual acts that were supposedly not explicitly forbidden in Islam were. Furthermore, this was an untaxed, paid service.
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"I can" Statements

I can greet people

I can say farewell

I can introduce myself

I can talk about my family

I can ask someone’s identity

I can answer simple questions about my identity.

I can count

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10 Reasons Why I Love Turkish Cuisine:

1. Turkey can produce enough food to sustain its people (one out of seven countries in the world that can do this!)

2. Yogurt is a staple to complement dishes.

3. Dolma. This rice-and-meat-stuffed vegetables dish reminds me of stuffed kusa (squash) from Jordan, but tastes so much yummier. 

4. Rice, wheat, vegetables are staples for Turkish cuisine. My favorite things in food.

5. Among the seasons often used are dill, mint, parsley, cinnamon, garlic, cumin, and sumac. I don't even like dill, parsley, and cinnamon in dishes, but there's something about the way Turks cook.

6. Eggplant, zucchini, beans, artichokes, and cabbage are the most common vegetables to eat.

7. Simit is like a soft sesame pretzel sold on the streets. I could eat them forever.

8. Kebap- grilled meat which is similar to shish kebob. The meat is skewered in between vegetables and onions and flavored perfectly. 

9. Turkish coffee. For coffee lovers, it is definitely something to experience. While the grounds are very thick, part of the experience in drinking the coffee is telling your fortune with the dregs. In order to do that, you put a small plate on top of the coffee cup and flip the entire thing over so that the plate is flat and the coffee cup upside on it. You wait until the cup is cold and then you interpret the globby remnants! 

10. Baklava- paired with Turkish coffee or tea, not too sweet, not too less, textured...this is the icing on the cake for Turkish cuisine. 

Unlike most cuisines, Turkish cuisine did not happen as an accident. It was the product of its geographical environment, social atmosphere, and thriving empire that indulged in all things lavish- including perfecting recipes for the royal palace. Its cross-roads location between Europe and Asia allowed for an effective spice trade as well as receiving influences from both ends, amalgamating in what is Turkish cuisine today. 

turkish-food.jpg

References:

http://www.turkishculture.org/culinary-arts/cuisine/turkish-food-302.htm?type=1

http://www.foodbycountry.com/Spain-to-Zimbabwe-Cumulative-Index/Turkey.html

http://www.weekendnotes.com/interesting-facts-turkey/

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SDLC 112 Cultural Post 3

National Holiday: Seollal

What is Seollal?

Seollal is the Lunar New Year and it is one of the most celebrated national holidays in Korea. It is more than a holiday for the Korean people. It is a time to pay respect to ancestors, catching up with distant family members and travelling to hometown to get together with family. Traditionally hanbok is worn during Seollal. The holiday is spent performing ancestral rites, playing folk games, eating traditional food and telling stories. Seoul becomes a quiet city during this holiday. Many shops and restaurants close but the amusement parks and national parks stay open and host various events and traditional games for families. The departmental stores and major shopping districts stay closed for two days for this holiday.

The day before Seollal

Very much like Chuseok, celebrating Seollal requires a lot of preparations. This holiday involves exchanging gifts, travelling and a feast. As a result, there are usually a lot of things to purchase on the days before the holiday so the department stores and markets are very crowded before Seollal. Popular gift items for parents include ginseng, honey, health products and massage chairs. Gifts for others could be toiletries and gift baskets of fruits, traditional sweets, or fish. The feast is usually prepared with different wild herbs, meat, fish and fruits. All the ingredients are chosen carefully according to the quality of their shape, color and freshness. Since people travel back to their hometowns, travel arrangements need to be made ahead of time as their is a mad rush for bus, train and plane tickets. There is also heavy traffic at that time. 

On the day of Seollal

The day of Seollal starts with ancestral rites. The ritual table is set up with an ancestral tablet and food according to the laws of the ancestral rites. Family members greet their ancestors with deep bows, proceed with the offerings, pray and bid farewell to the spirits. The goal of the ritual is to show respect and gratitude to the ancestors and pray for the family's well-being. After the rite, everyone eats the ritual food together. The principal dish of Seollal is tteokguk. This is a traditional soup made with sliced rice cakes, beef, egg, vegetables and other ingredients. Next, the younger generations pay respect to the elders with deep bows and present them with gifts. The elders offer their blessings and often give the younger family members sebaetdon (New Year's money) as Seollal gift. The rest of the day is spent playing traditional games like yutnori (a board game). Other games played in parks are jegi-chagi (footbag game), neol-twiggi (see-saw) and tuho (arrow toss). 

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I love learning about the history of languages and which languages have influenced one another because it adds so much more context to language learning. In the case of Turkish, I know that Turkish has a lot of Arabic words imported into the language, and that Hindi has taken a lot of Turkish words. One day while I was studying pronouns, it occurred to me that Bengali and Turkish have the same pronouns to refer to he/she, 'o'. I was really surprised by it as it was an unexpected discovery. Moreover, both Bengali and Turkish don't have gender. These similarities piqued my interest furthermore; unfortuntely when I did research to see the correlation, I could not find anything. I will keep searching, however! 

Turkish dates back 5,500-8,500 years. It is in the Turkic language family and spoken in parts of Asia and Europe (Such as in Cyprus, Northern Cyprus, Greece, Iran, Bosnia). It also belongs to the Ural-Altaic family of the Altaic branch and is closely related to Mongolian, Korean, and potentially Japanese. This language family has the following features in common: vowel harmony, lack of gender, agglutination, adjectives preceding nouns, and verbs placed at the end of sentences.

With the influence of Islam, the Kara-Khanid Khanate and Sejluk Turks took a lot of Persian and Arabic loanwords for their administrative language. Not only that, but this extended to Turkish literature, especially in the Ottoman period. Historically, the official language of Turkish in this period (1299-1922) is called "Ottoman Turkish" (mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic). This was similar to the language of prestige because it was unintelligible to the average Turk who spoke "rough Turkish" or kaba Türkçe as they say in Turkish. Rough Turkish is closest to the modern Turkish spoken today. Ottoman Turkish changed with the establishment of Turkey under Ataturk and the Turkish Language Association in 1932. The association sought to replace the aforementioned Arabic and Persian loanwords and purify Turkish by beginning a language reform. In doing this, many "new" words were derived from Turkic roots, but when an equivalent could not be found, Old Turkish unused for centuries were utilized. 

As a result of this change, there was a shift in older and younger generations' vocabulary. Generations born before the 1940s continued speaking in Ottoman Turkish while the younger generations used the updated/purified modern Turkish. 

Fun fact: In 1927, Ataturk's speech to the new Parliament needed to be "translated" to later generations a total of three different periods (1963, 1986, and 1995) because his Ottoman Turkish was so archaic to the listeners.

Source: http://www.turkishculture.org/literature/language-124.htm

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SDLC 110 Turkish- Culture Post #6 Ankara

Ankara_panoramic_night.jpg

Since my tentative plan is go to Ankara, I wanted to do a culture post talking about Ankara! Unlike popular belief, Istanbul is not the capital of Turkey, but rather Ankara. It's an easy mistake I made in the past- and why not? Istanbul is a central point because of its geographical location between the East and the West, is a splendid city, and the largest city in Turkey- it could certainly be the capital. Ankara holds a lot of history spanning from the Hittites, Greeks, and Romans to Byzantines and Ottomans.

Climate: Similar to the northeast U.S. in its hot summers, cold snowy winters, rainy in the spring and autumn. 

Tourist attractions: 

  • Anitkabir: Location of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and first president of Turkey's mausoleum.
  • Temple of Augustus (Augustus Tapinagi): Built in 25 BC, has inscriptions of Augustus on the walls. Has other attractions nearby such as Julian's Column (Jülyanüs Sütunu).
  • Kocatepe Mosque: Fully completed in 1987 despite having a lot of halts, can hold up to 100,000 worshippers. Many view it as prime Islamic architecture because of its neo-classic Ottoman style. 
  • Ankara Kalesi: a stategically placed citadel. 

Population: 4.588 million

Geographical location: Central Anatolia, northwestern part of Turkey, south of Black Sea.

Ankara is second to Istanbul in almost everything- size, industrial manufactering, and tourism. The service and tourism industries are expected to grow. In terms of manufacturing, the production of wine, beer, floud, sugar, macaroni, biscuits, milk, cement, mosaic paving, construction materials, and tractors are entrenched in the city. Since it is the capital, government is the city's central. 

Fun fact: Ankara was formerly called Angora! Ex: Angora wool, Angora cat, etc comes from Ankara.

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