"The difference between sound and spelling is that spoken language is made up of sounds (phonemes), while written language represents these sounds through symbols (letters or characters). In many languages, there is not always a one-to-one pair…"

"The diagram from Aitchison's Linguistics presents a view of how different linguistic disciplines intersect to form a complete understanding of language. The inner circles are the core and fundamental areas of linguistics, with outer circles…"

"The main idea is that cultural differences largely shape communication, social behavior, and values. These frameworks highlight key contrasts, such as individualism versus collectivism and direct versus indirect communication. Hofstede’s model…"

"The readings emphasized the idea of localization, where the role of specific brain regions like Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in language production and comprehension, other brain areas also involved with speaking, listening, reading and writing.…"