The Imjin War began in 1592 when Japan invaded the Korean peninsula. The war ended in 1598 in a Korean victory and the expulsion of Japanese forces from the peninsula. Admiral Yi Sun-sin’s naval warfare strategy played a crucial role in repelling the invasion. His ‘turtle ships’ were essential to many of his victories. These unique vessels, developed by the admiral himself, revolutionized maritime combat in East Asia and left an indelible mark on naval history. The term turtle ship is a direct translation of geobukseon (거북선).
Older, first-generation turtle ships existed as early as the beginning of the 15th century. However, they gradually disappeared as the Joseon dynasty’s military fell into a state of neglect during a long period of peace. Admiral Yi Sun-sin made key changes that turned the turtle ship into an irreplaceable asset.
The new turtle ship's design was distinctive, featuring a rounded, armored hull resembling the shell of a turtle, hence the name. This hull was reinforced with iron plating, providing exceptional durability and protection against enemy attacks. Additionally, the ship's low profile and protruding spikes made it difficult for enemy vessels to board or ram it. It is believed by some historians that the turtle ship is the very first iteration of the ‘ironclad’ vessels that would emerge during the American Civil War.
One of the most iconic features of the turtle ship was its dragon-shaped head at the bow, which served both functional and psychological purposes. This prow not only enhanced the ship's ramming capabilities but also struck fear into the hearts of enemy sailors, bolstering Korean morale while demoralizing adversaries. The mouth of the dragon could in some cases project a toxic smoke that could also serve as a smokescreen.
In terms of armament, turtle ships were equipped with an array of cannons and firearms, strategically positioned along their sides and within the hull. This allowed for devastating broadside attacks, capable of crippling enemy ships with a single volley.
The effectiveness of the turtle ships was in full display during several key naval battles of the Imjin War. The Battle of Myeongnyang in 1597 is a prime example, where Admiral Yi, despite being vastly outnumbered, annihilated a Japanese fleet of over 300 ships using only 13 turtle ships.
The turtle ships were therefore crucial in safeguarding Korean waters and repelling wave after wave of Japanese invasions during the war. Full credit is of course also due to Admiral Yi Sun-sin’s military brilliance. Today, turtle ships are well remembered and respected for their role during the Imjin War.
Comments
Hi Henry! Thank you for the background on the turtle ships! I have always heard about them but never saw detailed pictures. Really admiring Yi Sun-sin's creation! There's actually a rap song called 거북선 which is how most people know about them.
Great post on the strategic importance of turtle ships during the Imjin War! Admiral Yi Sun-sin's innovations, like the turtle ship, were pivotal in transforming naval warfare and defending Korea. It's intriguing to compare these to other historical naval tactics, like the ironclads in the American Civil War.