For this post, I would like to talk about the art of Turkish tiles and ceramic.
The art of Turkish ceramic tiles and ceramics occupies a pivotal position in the history of Islamic art. Its roots can be traced back to at least the Uighurs in the eighth and ninth centuries. Subsequent developments were influenced by Karakhanid, Ghaznavid and (especially) Iranian Seljuk art. As Seljuks defeated the Byzantines at Malazgirt in 1071, Art followed them into Anatolia and began a new period of strong development bred by Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate.
The Seljuqs of the Anatolians were of course influenced by the cultural heritage they encountered in their new hometown, adapting them to the technology they took away from the Iranian plateau. This led to the unique Anatolian Seljuk (Seljuk) architecture prevailing in the 13th century. The Seljuk Mosque, Intermediate Theological Seminary, Mausoleum and Palace are all decorated with fine ceramic tiles. In the capital city of Selcuk, Sinia, Sivas, Tokat, Beysehir, Kayseri, Erzurum, Malati Examples of such tile paving structures can still be seen in cities such as Malatya and Alanya.
The most common type of architectural decoration encountered during the Anatolian Seljuk period was the use of glazed tiles, where glazed tiles (also including unglazed tiles) were arranged to produce various patterns, mainly in buildings Exterior wall. Turquoise is the most commonly used color in glazes, although cobalt blue, eggplant purple and sometimes black are also popular.
One architectural decoration used in combination with glazed tiles is hexagonal, triangular, square and rectangular monochrome tiles. Unlike bricks, they are the first choice for indoor applications and are suitable for a variety of geometric arrangements. Tiles are made of harder, yellower paste than bricks. Cyan, cobalt blue, purple and (sometimes) green glazes are used. There are very few examples of gold-plated traces.
The third technique proficient in Anatolian Seljuks is mosaic tiles. This is also used in interior design, especially inside the mihrab walls, and inside the dome, transitioning into the dome, dome, and walls. Tile mosaics are formed by cutting tiles into tiles that fit the desired pattern. The inlaid unglazed surface is slightly conical. Arrange these pieces of glass face down, then pour white mortar on them. After setting, you can install the required board or panel in the desired location. The composition of mosaic tiles is usually geometric shapes, but floral patterns and Kufik or Toulouse calligraphy can also be found. The most popular colors are turquoise, cobalt blue, eggplant purple and black. Examples of Anatolian Seljuk buildings decorated with mosaic tiles include Karatay Medrese, Alaaddin Mosque, Gok Medrese and Mosque, Malatya Grand Mosque and Ince Minareli Medrese.
In addition to these techniques, which, along with underglaze, appear in religious and funerary architecture, there were two techniques employed only in civil and palace architecture: minai tiles and luster tiles. The forms of these tiles were also different, the favorite shapes being stars and crosses; instead of geometric patterns, vegetal scroll and lively figurative compositions were used.
Minai technology was developed in Iran in the 12th and 13th centuries, mainly for ceramics. The only place to find such tiles in Anatolia is Alaeddin Kiosk in Konya. The palette provided by this technology is much larger, and purple, blue, turquoise, green, red, brown, black and white, and gilded shades can be found. Apply some color under the glaze and then fire it; apply other paints to the glaze, and then get the secondary opaque white, transparent or blue-green glaze, and then fire it again. The design of the Minai tiles is vivid and lively, reminiscent of miniature sculptures with the theme of palace and palace life.
The luster technique first appeared in Abbasid Iraq. Later developed to a high level by the Fatimids in Egypt, it was successfully employed by the Iranian Seljuks. The only place in Anatolia where luster tiles have been found is Kubadabad. The tiles discovered at the excavations of the palace are now on display at the Karatay Medrese Museum in Konya. Luster tiles are decorated in an overglaze technique in which the design is painted with lusterĿa mixture of metallic oxides incorporating silver and copperĿonto a previously glazed and fired surface. The tiles are then given a second firing at a lower temperature producing a range of lustrous, mostly brownish and yellowish tones. Seljuk palace luster tiles are decorated with plant motifs as well as with human and animal figures.
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