For this week's individual meeting, we were able to further our study based on what we went over from the last two weeks. We continued learning more about grammar. To be more specific, noun0modifying verb. In English, we always put verbs in front of the nouns when using verbs to describe nouns. However, it is very obvious that this isn't the case in Korean. In Korean, verbs are placed before nouns to describe them. The noun-modifying form of a verb can be thought of as an adjective- it describes a noun. Remember that what would be considered adjectives in English come in the form of a descriptive verb in Korean (for example, 파랗다, the verb to be blue). One way to use a descriptive verb is to conjugate it and pair it with an appropriate subject and particle. (Ex. 모자 + 가 + 파랗다 = 모자가 파래요, The hat is blue.)
Another way to describe a noun is by using any verb’s noun-modifying form paired with the noun. The modified verb comes before the noun, and together they become a part of a sentence.
Noun-Modifying Verb Form in Past Tense: -은/ㄴ
Add -은 or -ㄴ to the stem of the verb. If the verb stem has 받침, use -은. If the verb stem does not have 받침, use -ㄴ. Then put this form of the verb before the noun it is modifying.
Ex. 먹은 음식 (the food that (I) ate)
Ex. 한 숙제 (the homework that (I) did)
Noun-Modifying Verb Form in Present Tense: -는
Add -는 to the stem of the verb. Then put this form of the verb before the noun it is modifying.
Ex. 말하는 사람 (the person who is speaking)
Ex. 선물을 받는 남자 (the person who is receiving the present)
Noun-Modifying Verb Form in Future Tense: -을/ㄹ
Add -을 or -ㄹ to the stem of the verb. If the verb stem has 받침, add -을 to the verb stem. If the verb stem does not have 받침, add -ㄹ to the verb stem. Then put this form of the verb before the noun it is modifying.
Ex. 먹을 음식 (the food that (I) will eat)
Ex. 만날 친구 (the friend (I) will meet)
Noun-Modifying Verb Form for Adjectives: -은/ㄴ
To make the noun-modifying form of a descriptive verb (a verb that would be considered “to be” plus an adjective in English), always add -은 or -ㄴ to the verb stem.
작은 손 (small hand(s))
예쁜 옷 (pretty clothes)
Special Cases: There are a few special cases when it comes to verb stems and the noun-modifying forms.
Verbs in which the verb stem usually ends in -ㄹ (for example, 알다) have a new verb stem in this case. -ㄹ is dropped (changing the verb stem to 아 rather than 알) and the end of the noun-modifying form is given according to the new verb stem.
알다 (to know) - 아는 사람 (a person (I) know)
살다 (to live) - 사는 곳 (the place where (I) live)
Irregular verbs in which the verb stem usually ends in -ㅂ have a new verb stem in this case. The new verb stem is the original verb stem minus -ㅂ plus -우. (As a rule of thumb, a -ㅂ다 verb that is conjugated with -워/와 is irregular. For example, 좁다, which is conjugated as 좁아요, is regular. 어렵다, which is conjugated as 어려워요, is irregular.)
Ex. 춥다 (to be cold) - 추운 나라 (cold country)
Ex. 어렵다 (to be difficult) - 어려운 시험 (difficult test)
For -ㅎ다 verbs such as 어떻다, 그렇다, 이렇다, 저렇다, 빨갛다, and 파랗다, which have verb stems ending in ㅎ, drop the ㅎ to make the new verb stem. Add -ㄴ, following the formula for past tense, to make the noun-modifying form.
빨갛다 (to be red) - 빨간 얼굴 (red face)
그렇다 (to be like that, to be that way) - 그런 사람 (a person like that)
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